1.1 Manual's Purpose This manual contains the instructions needed to carry out proper use and maintenance of the engine, therefore it must always be available, for future reference when required. This manual is an integral part of the engine, in the event of transfer or sale, it must be attached to it. Safety pictograms can be found on the engine and it is the operator's responsibility to keep them in a perfectly visible place and replace them when they are no longer legible. Information, description and pictures in this manual reflect the state of the art at the time of the marketing of engine. However, development on the engines is continuous. Therefore, the information within this manual is subject to change without notice and without obligation. KOHLER reserves the right to make, at any time, changes in the engines for technical or commercial reasons. These changes do not require KOHLER to intervene on the marketed production up to that time and not to consider this manual as inappropriate. Any additional section that KOHLER will deem necessary to supply some time after the main text shall be kept together with the manual and considered as an integral part of it. The information contained within this manual is the sole property of KOHLER. As such, no reproduction or replication in whole or part is allowed without the express written permission of KOHLER.

1.2 Glossary and Definitions The paragraphs, tables and figure are divided into chapter with their progressive numbers. Es: Par. 2.3 - chapter 2 paragraph 3. Tab. 3.4 - chapter 3 table 4. Fig. 5.5 - chapter 5 figure 5. The references of the objects described in the text and in figure and number are indicated by letters, which are always and only related to the paragraph you are reading unless there are specific references to other figures or paragraphs. NOTE: All data, measurements and relevant symbols are shown in the glossary section. 

1.3 Emission-Related Installation Instructions Failing to follow the instructions in the applications guidebook when installing a certified engine in a piece of nonroad equipment violates federal law (40 CFR 1068.105(b)), subject to fines or other penalties as described in the Clean Air Act.OEM must apply a separate label with the following statement: “ULTRA LOW SULFUR FUEL ONLY” near the fuel inlet.Ensure you are installing an engine appropriately certified for your application. Constant speed engines may only be installed on constant speed equipment for constant speed operation.If you install the engine in a way that makes the engine's emission control information label hard to read during normal engine maintenance, you must place a duplicate label on the equipment, as described in 40 CFR 1068.105.

1.4 Service request The complete and updated list of authorized Kohler Co. service centers can be found on websites: www.kohlerengines.com & dealers.kohlerpower.it. If you have any questions regarding your warranty rights and responsibilities or the location of the nearest Kohler Co. authorized service location, you should contact Kohler Co. at 1-800-544-2444 or access our website at www.kohlerengines.com (USA and North American).

1.5 Manufacturer and engine identification   1.1 Pos. Descrizione 1 Production place 2 Manufacturer identification 3 Engine model 4 Engine serial number 5 Month and year of production 6 Approval data 7 Engine version 8 Data matrix  

1.6 Engine component identification   NOTE: Some components are for illustrative purposes only and may vary or they are not supplied by Kohler. 1.6 POS. DESCRIPTION 1 ECU 2 Oil filler cap 3 Fuel injection pump 4 Lub. oil filter 5 Oil cooler 6 Fuel filter 7 Oil sump 8 Oil drain plug 9 Oil dipstick 10 Turbocharger (TC & TCA version only) 11 Alternator 12 Starter motor 13 Flywheel 14 Coolant pump 15 Thermostatic valve 16 3rd PTO            

2.1 General description of the engine - 4-stroke, in-line cylinders Diesel engine;- Liquid-cooling system;- 2 valves per cylinder;- Indirect injection.

2.2 Engine specifications (base version) 2.1       TECHNICAL DATA       UNIT OF MEASURE Engine type KSD 1403 NA KSD 1403 TC KSD 1403 TCA Cylinders n. 3 Bore mm 81 Stroke mm 90 Displacement cm3 1391 MAX INCLINATION DURING OPERATION (even in combined) α  35° max α  45° max 1 min. OIL CAPACITY (MAX level.) including oil filter   Compact Sump lt. 3.79 Deep Sump 5.37 DRY WEIGHT  kg 124 128 127  

2.3 Engine dimensions (mm)   KSD 1403 NA KSD 1403 TC KSD 1403 TCA   NOTE: Dimensions vary according to engine configuration.

2.4 Oil   Important The engine may be damaged if operated with improper oil level. Do not exceed the MAX level because a sudden increase in engine rpm could be caused by its combustion. Use only the approved oil to ensure adequate protection, efficiency and service life of the engine. The use of lubricants other than recommended may shorten the engine life. Viscosity must be appropriate to the ambient temperature to which the engine is to be exposed.   Danger Prolonged skin contact with the exhausted engine oil can cause cancer of the skin. If contact with oil cannot be avoided, thoroughly wash your hands with soap and water as soon as possible. For the exhausted oil disposal, refer to the Par. DISPOSAL and SCRAPPING. 2.4.1 SAE oil classification In the SAE classification, oils are identified according to viscosity without considering any other qualitative characteristic. The code is composed of two numbers, which indicate, and must correspond to, the ambient temperature in which the engine operates, the first number refers to the viscosity when cold, for use during winter ("W"), while the second number is for viscosity at high temperatures.   Use oil viscosity based on the experienced air temperature range during the period between oil changes as indicated in the table below. Kohler / Rehlko X-treme 10W-40 formula pro; X-treme 10W-40; X-treme 5W-40 oil are preferred:       Oils meeting the following specifications are also recommended.   2.2 RECCMMENDED OIL WITH SPECIFICATIONS  API CI-4 or better ACEA E7 or better VISCOSITY SAE 0w-40 (-40°C ÷ +50°C) 10w-40 (-25°C ÷ +50°C)

2.5 Fuel Important Use of other types of fuel could damage the engine. Do not use dirty diesel fuel or mixtures of diesel fuel and water since this will cause serious engine faults. Warning Clean fuel prevents the fuel injectors from clogging. Immediately clean up any spillage during refuelling.  Never store diesel fuel in galvanized containers (i.e. coated with zinc). Diesel fuel and the galvanized coating react chemically to each other, producing flaking that quickly clogs filters or causes fuel pump and/or injector failure. Any failure resulting from the use of fuel other than Tab. 2.3, 2.4 will not be covered by warranty.   Cetane number of 40 minimum. Cetane number greater than 47 is preferred, especially for temperatures below –20 °C (–4 °F) or elevations above 1675 m (5500 ft.).   Highly Regulated Engines (EU, USA, CANADA, JAPAN, CHINA, INDIA)   EU EN 590 North America ASTM D975 No. 2-D S15; No. 1-D S15 Japan JIS K 2204 No. 1; No. 2 India BS-V ULSD; BS-VI ULSD China GB 19147-2016 ULSD; GB 17691—2018 ULSD HVO EN 15940 or ASTM D975 Military NATO fuel F-54 S < 10ppm     Less or Not Regulated Engines (Rest of the World and Military applications)    Equivalent to all above specification Equivalent to all above specification but with Suplhur < 500ppm Equivalent to all above specification but with Suplhur < 2000ppm F-34/F-35 (kerosene NATO designation) (1) F-44 (kerosene, NATO designation) (1) F-63 (kerosene, NATO designation, equivalent to F-34/F-35 with additives (1) JP-8 (kerosene, US military designation) (1) JP-5 (kerosene, US military designation) (1) Jet A / A1 (kerosene for civil aviation) (1)     (1) - Operations with Jet Fuels: The jet fuels can be used but only adopting an additional fuel filter with lubricity doser. Because of lower density and greater leak fuel volume due to lower viscosity, depending on the engine speed and torque, a power loss up to 10% is possible. There are some problematical fuel proprieties amongst the listed jet fuels (viscosity, lubricating capacities and low boiling point). A slight increase in wear in the injection system is to be expected which can lead to a statistically shorter life of these components. Sulphur content must be below 2000ppm.     2.5.1 Fuel Additives To aid in maintaining performance of the engines injection system, Rehlko has developed a family of fuel additives product for North America market.   The Extra Performance Fuel Additive Arctic Formula a fuel conditioner in winter, the Extra Performance Fuel Additive a fuel injector deposit removal and prevention. See your local Rehlko dealer for availability.   2.3 Extra Performance Fuel Additive (North America only) Use Rehlko Injector Cleaner Diesel Fuel Additive before filling the tank once a year or every 500hrs with summer or winter grade fuel. Formulated to clean deposits from injectors and provide lubrication to high pressure pump and injectors to reduce wear, increasing fuel quality. Compatible with all exhaust emission system, including diesel particulate filters (DPFs). Follow all recommended instruction on product label. Extra Performance Fuel Additive Arctic Formula (North America only) Use Rehlko Extra Performance Fuel Additive Arctic Formula, which contains anti-gel chemistry to treat non-winter grad fuel (No. 2-D in North America) during the cold-weather season. This extends the operability to about 10°C (18°F) below the could point. For operability at even lower temperatures, use winter grade fuel. Treat the fuel when the outside temperature drops below 0°C (32°F). For best results, use untreated fuel and follow all recommended instruction on product label. Cloud point is the temperature at which wax begins to from in the fuel causing filters to plug.   Fuel additives with biocide/algaecide functions are allowed in case of storage of fuel in the tank for long periods (one year or more). For suggested brands and types contact Rehlko staff NOTE: These additives must be diluted in the fuel following the product prescribed percentages when filling the tank.    

2.6 Coolant recommendation Kohler / Rehlko XtendedTM prediluted coolant 50% ethylene glycol OAT is preferred.     Coolant meeting the following specifications are also recommended.    A mixture of 50% demineralized water and 50% low silicate ethylene glycol based coolant liquid must be used.Use a Long Life or Extended Life Heavy Duty OAT coolant free of: silicates, phosphates, borates, nitrites and amines. The following ethylene-glycol based engine coolant for all models within KSD engine family may be used:   OAT (Organic Acid Technology) Low Silicate: ASTM D-3306 D-6210 HOAT (Hybrid Organic Acid Technology) Low Silicate: ASTM D-3306 D-6210   The above coolants in concentrated formulation must be mixed with distilled, deionized, or demineralized water. A pre-mixed formulation (40-60% or 50-50%) can be used directly when available.   Important Do not mix ethylene glycol and propylene glycol based coolants. Do not mix OAT and HOAT based coolant. OAT performance life can be drastically reduced if contaminated with nitrite-containing coolants. Never use automotive-type coolants. These coolants do not contain the correct additives to protect heavy – duty diesel engines.   OAT coolants are maintenance free up to 5 years or 4000hrs of operation , provided that the cooling system is topped up using the same type of coolant. Do not mix different coolant types. Test the coolant condition annually with coolant test strips.HOAT are not all maintenance free and it is recommended to have SCA (Supplemental Coolant Additives) added at the first maintenance interval.

2.7 Battery recommendation Battery not supplied by Kohler   2.5 RECOMMENDED BATTERIES STANDARD OPERATING CONDITIONS AMBIENT TEMPERATURE > -15°C BATTERY CAPACITY BATTERY DISCHARGE CURRENT 70 Ah SAE 650 EN 715 STANDARD OPERATING CONDITIONS AMBIENT TEMPERATURE < -15°C BATTERY CAPACITY BATTERY DISCHARGE CURRENT 100 Ah SAE 850 EN 935

3.1 Safety information The intended use of the engine is in conformity with the machine on which it is mounted. Any use of the machine other than that described cannot be considered as complying with its intended purpose as specified by KOHLER. KOHLER declines all responsibility for any change to the engine not described in this manual made by unauthorized KOHLER personnel. A proper use of the engine, a strict observance of the rules listed below and the rigorous application of all these precautions will avoid the risk of accidents or injuries. Those who carry out the use and maintenance on the engine must wear the safety equipment and the accident-prevention guards. KOHLER declines all direct and indirect liability for failure to comply with the standards of conduct contained in this manual. KOHLER is not responsible for any unreasonable use or neglect that may cause a potential danger.  

3.2 General remarks 3.2.1 Note for OEM When installing the KDI engines, always bear in mind that any variation to the functional systems may result in serious failures to the engine. Any improvement must be verified at KOHLER testing laboratories before application of the engine. In case the approval to a modification is not granted, KOHLER shall not be deemed responsible for any consequential failures or damages to the engine. Those who carry out the use and maintenance on the engine must wear the safety equipment and the accident-prevention guards. KOHLER declines all direct and indirect liability for failure to comply with the standards of conduct contained in this manual. KOHLER cannot consider every reasonably unforeseeable misuse that may cause a potential danger. 3.2.2 Note for end user The following indications are dedicated to the user of the machine in order to reduce or eliminate risks concerning engine operation and the relative routine maintenance work. The user must read these instructions carefully. Failure to do this could lead to serious danger for his personal safety and health and that of any persons who may be in the vicinity of the machine. On starting, make sure that the engine is as horizontal as possible, unless the machine specifications differ. Make sure that the machine is stable to prevent the risk of overturning. The engine must not operate in places containing inflammable materials, in explosive atmospheres, where there is dust that can easily catch fire unless specific, adequate and clearly indicated precautions have been taken and have been certified for the machine. To prevent fire hazards, always keep the machine at least one meter from buildings or from other machinery. Children and animals must be kept at a due distance from operating machines in order to prevent hazards deriving from their operation. Thoroughly wash and clean all the external parts of the engine before performing any operation, in order to avoid the accidental introduction of impurities/foreign bodies. Use only water and/or appropriate products to clean the engine. If cleaning engine with a pressure washer or steam cleaner, it is important to maintain a minimum distance of at least 200mm between the surface to be washed and the nozzle. Avoid directing the nozzle on electrical components, cable connections and sealed rings (oil seals etc). Thoroughly wash and clean the area surrounding the engine following the instructions provided by machine manufacturer. Fuel and oil are inflammable. The tank must only be filled when the engine is off. Before starting, dry any spilt fuel. Make sure that no soundproofing panels and the ground or floor on which the machine is standing have not soaked up any fuel. Fuel vapour is highly toxic. Only refuel outdoors or in a well ventilated place Do not smoke or use open flames when refuelling. During operation, the surface of the engine can become dangerously hot. Avoid touching the exhaust system in particular. Before proceeding with any operation on the engine, stop it and allow it to cool. Always open the radiator plug or expansion chamber with the utmost caution, wearing protective garments and goggles. The coolant fluid is under pressure. Never carry out any inspections until the engine has cooled. If there is an electric fan, do not approach the engine when it is still hot as the fan could also start operating when the engine is at a standstill. The oil must be drained whilst the engine is hot. Particular care is required to prevent burns. Do not allow oil to come into contact with the skin because of the health hazards involved. It is recommended to use an oil intake pump. During operations that involve access to moving parts of the engine and/or removal of rotating guards, disconnect and insulate the negative wire (-) of the battery to prevent accidental short-circuits and to stop the starter motor from being energized. Check belt tension only when the engine is off. Fully tighten the tank cap each time after refuelling. Do not fill the tank right to the top but leave an adequate space for the fuel to expand. To start the engine follow the specific instructions provided in the engine and/or machine operating manual. Do not use auxiliary starting devices not originally installed on the machine (e.g. Startpilot). Before starting, remove any tools that were used to service the engine and/or machine. Make sure that all guards have been refitted. Do not mix fuel with elements such as oil or kerosene. Failure to comply with this prohibition will cause the non-operation of the catalyst and non-observance of the emissions declared by KOHLER. Pay attention to the temperature of the oil filter when the filter itself is replaced. Only check, top up and change the coolant fluid when the engine is off and reached the ambient temperature. Coolant fluid is polluting, it must therefore be disposed of in the correct way. Do not use air and water jets at high pressures on cables, connectors and injectors.   Important Only use the eyebolts A installed by KOHLER to move the engine (Fig. 3.1). The angle between each lifting chain and the eyebolts shall not exceed 15° inwards. The correct tightening of the lifting screws is 25Nm. Do not interpose spacers or washers between the eyebolts and engine head. Engines equipped with an ATS device require regeneration to be inhibited if the engine is used in environments at risk of fire (e.g. forest areas, areas with flammable materials, areas with flammable gases or liquids and any type of combustible material - if the function is available). Fig 3.1

3.3 Safety signal description To ensure safe operation please read the following statements and understand their meaning. Also refer to your equipment manufacturer's manual for other important safety information. This manual contains safety precautions which are explained below. Please read them carefully.   Adhesive safety plates The following is a list of the adhesive safety plates that may be found on the engine, which indicate potential points of danger to the operator. Read the Operation and Maintenance handbook before performing any operation on the engine. Hot Parts.Danger of burns. Presence of rotating parts.Danger of jamming or cutting. Presence of explosive fuel.Danger of fire or explosion.   Presence of steam and pressurized coolant.Danger of burns. WarningsHereunder is a list of safety warnings that may be found in the manual, which advise you to pay attention when carrying out particular procedures that may be potentially dangerous to the operator or things. DangerThis indicates situations of grave danger which, if ignored, may seriously threaten the health and safety of individuals. ImportantThis indicates particularly important technical information that should not be ignored. WarningThis indicates that failure to comply with it can cause minor damage or injury. Safety guardsHereunder is a list of safety guards that must be worn prior to carrying out any type of operation and to avoid potentialharm to the operator. Use suitable protective gloves before carrying out any type of operation. Use protective goggles before carrying out any type of operation. Use earmuffs before carrying out any type of operation.  

3.4 Information and safety signals   ACCIDENTAL START   Accidental Starts can cause severe injury or death. Before working on the engine or equipment, disconnect the battery negative (-) wire. HOT PARTS Hot Parts can cause severe burns. Engine components can get extremely hot from operation. Do not touch engine while operating or just after stopping. Never operate the engine with heat shields or guards removed. ROTATING PARTS Rotating Parts can cause severe injury. Stay away while engine is in operation. Keep hands, feet, hair, and clothing away from all moving parts to prevent injury. Never operate the engine with covers, shrouds, or guards removed. LETHAL EXHAUST GASES Carbon Monoxide can cause severe nausea, fainting or death. Avoid inhaling exhaust fumes and never run the engine in a closed building or confined area. Carbon monoxide is toxic, odorless, colorless, and can cause death if inhaled. ELECTRICAL SHOCK Electrical Shock can cause injury. Do not touch wires while engine is running. HIGH PRESSURE FLUID RISK OF PUNCTURE High Pressure Fluids can puncture skin and cause severe injury or death. Do not work on fuel system without proper training or safety equipment. Fluid puncture injuries are highly toxic and hazardous. If an injury occurs, seek immediate medical attention. EXPLOSIVE FUEL Explosive fuel can cause fires and severe burns. Fuel is flammable and its vapours can ignite. Store fuel only in approved containers, in well ventilated, unoccupied buildings. Do not fill the fuel tank while the engine is hot or running, since spilled fuel could ignite if it comes in contact with hot parts or sparks from ignition. Do not start the engine near spilled fuel. Never use fuel as a cleaning agent. EXPLOSIVE GAS Explosive Gas can cause fires and severe acid burns. Charge battery only in a well ventilated area. Keep sparks, open flames, and other sources of ignition away from the battery at all times. Batteries produce explosive hydrogen gas while being charged. Keep batteries out of the reach of children. Remove all jewelry when servicing batteries. Before disconnecting the negative (-) ground cable, make sure all switches are OFF. If ON, a spark will occur at the ground cable terminal which could cause an explosion. CALIFORNIA WARNING - DECLARATION 65 Engine exhaust from this product contains chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer, birth defects, or other reproductive harm.

3.5 Safety and environmental impact Every organisation has a duty to implement procedures to identify, assess and monitor the influence of its own activities (products, services, etc.) on the environment. Procedures for identifying the extent of the impact on the environment must consider the following factors: - Liquid waste. - Waste management. - Soil contamination. - Atmospheric emission. - Use of raw materials and natural resources. - Regulations and directives regarding environmental impact. In order to minimise the impact on the environment, KOHLER now provides a number of indications to be followed by all persons handling the engine, for any reason, during its expected lifetime. - All components and fluids must be disposed of in accordance with the laws of the country in which disposal is taking place. - Keep the fuel and engine control systems and the exhaust pipes in efficient working order to limit environmental and noise pollution. - When discontinuing use of the engine, select all components according to their chemical characteristics and dispose of them separately.

4.1 Pre-start check Read carefully the following pages and carry out the operations described below in accordance with the instructions specified.   Important Non compliance with the operations described in the following pages involves the risk of damages to the engine and vehicle on which it is installed as well as personal and/or property damage. Increase the frequency of maintenance operations in heavy working conditions (engine starts but stops, very dusty and hot environments, etc..).

4.2 First start procedure Fuel system filling     Important Follow this instruction at the first start of the engine or in case the engine has stopped for empty fuel tank. Fill the fuel tank with approved fuel in Par. 2.5.   For engine configuration with mechanical fuel feed pump   Disconnect the connector A from injection pump B and put the connector A in a proper container.  Push the lever C of the fuel feed pump D till the fuel spills from connector A. Connect the connector A on the injection pump B.   For engine configuration with electric fuel feed pump   Disconnect the connector A from injection pump B and put the connector A in a proper container.  Turn the control panel key to ON position till the fuel spills from connector A. Turn the control panel key to OFF position. Connect the connector A on the injection pump B.    

4.3 Starting and turning off 4.3.1 Starting   Check the level of the engine oil, fuel and coolant and fill if necessary (Par. 4.5 - 4.7). Put the ignition key in the ignition switch (if supplied). Tun the key to ON position. Turn the key beyond the ON position and release it when the engine starts (the key will return into ON position automatically).   Important At the first fuelling or if the tank was empty fill the fuel system (Par. 4.2). Do not actuate the starter for more than 15 seconds at a time. If the engine does not start, wait for one minute before repeating attempt. If engine does not start after two attempts see Tab. 5.2 to found the cause. NOTE: the control panel image is for illustrative purposes only and may vary or it is not supplied by Kohler. Panel P can be assembled on the engine or machine. In Tab. 4.1 are described the main functions are illustrated.   Tab. 4.1 POS. DESCRIPTION H Hour-meter indicator R Engine rpm indicator (RPM) S Control switch to start the engine W1 Warning Light - fuel below MIN level W2 No fault indicator W3 Warning Light - engine oil not pressurised W4 Warning Light - high coolant temperature W5 Warning Light - battery not charging W6 Warning Light - machine alarm indicator W7 Warning Light - glow plugs/heater ignition W8 Warning Light - alarm general indicator W9 Warning Light - air cleaner clogged 4.3.2 After starting   Warning Make sure that all the warning lights on the control panel are off when the engine is running. Run at minimum speed for a few minutes according to table (except constant speed engine).   AMBIENT TEMPERATURE TIME ≤-20°C 2 minutes from -20°C a -10°C 1 minutes from -10°C a -5°C 30 seconds from -5°C a 5°C 20 seconds ≥ 5°C 15 seconds 4.3.3 Turning off   Do not turn off the engine when it is running at the maximum rotation speed (except constant speed engine). Before turning it off, keep it idle at minimum speed for about 1 minute. Turn the key to OFF position.  

4.4 Periodic maintenance This chapter shows all operations described in the Tab. 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4. if you have the skills appropriate may be directly carried out by the user. Periodic inspection and maintenance operations must be carried out as indicated in this manual and are the responsability of the user. Failure to comply with these service and maintenance intervals increases the risk of technical damage to the engine. Any non compliance makes the warranty become null and void. In order to prevent personal and property damage read carefully the instructions listed below before proceeding with any operation of the engine.   Warning Inspections must be made when the engine is off and cold. Place engine on level sur face to ensure accurate measurement of oil level. Before starting, to avoid spillages of oil make sure that: - the oil dipstick is inserted correctly; - also check that: oil drain plug and oil filler cap are tightened firmly.   Important Before proceeding with operation, read Par. 3.2.2.      Danger For safety precautions see Chap. 3.   The intervals of preventive maintenance in Tab. 4.1, Tab. 4.2, Tab. 4.3 and Tab. 4.4 refer to the engine operating under normal operating conditions with fuel and oil meeting the approved specifications. 4.1 CLEANING AND CHECKING OPERATION DESCRIPTION PERIOD (HOURS) 100 500 Engine oil level (8)     Coolant level (8) (9)     Water presence in fuel filter     Air filter cartridge (2)     Alternator belt (8)     Rubber hoses (intake air / coolant) - Fuel hose (3)     Starter Motor (1)     Alternator (1)     4.2 REPLACEMENT OPERATION DESCRIPTION PERIOD (HOURS) 500 2000 4000 Air filter Cartridge (2)       Alternator belt (3)       Rubber hoses (intake air / coolant) (4) (6) (7)       Fuel line hose (4) (6) (7)       Coolant OAT (4) (6)        HOAT (4) (6) (10)         4.3 ENGINE OIL AND OIL FILTER CARTRIDGE REPLACEMENT ENGINE VERSION PERIOD (HOURS) 500 1000 Compact Sump (1)      Deep Sump (1)       4.4 FUEL FILTER AND PREFILTER CARTRIDGE REPLACEMENT ENGINE VERSION PERIOD (HOURS) 500 1000 STD Filtration (1)      High Filtration (1)     (1) - In case of low use: 12 months. (2) - The period of time that must elapse before checking the filter element depends on the environment in which the engine operates. The air filter must be cleaned and replaced more frequently under very dusty conditions. (3) - In case of low use: 36 months. (4) - In case of low use: 5 years. (6) - Contact authorized KOHLER workshops. (7) - The replacement interval is only an indication, it strongly depends from environmental condition and hose status detected during regular visual inspection. (8) - The first check must be done after 10 hours. (9) - Test the coolant condition annually with coolant test strips.(10) - It is recommended to have SCA (Supplemental Coolant Additives) added at the first maintenance interval.  

4.5 Refuelling   Important Before proceeding with operation, read Par. 3.2.2.     Danger Fill the engine off. The only approved fuels are those listed in Tab. 2.3. In those countries where fuel has a high sulphur content, its is advisable to lubricate the engine with a high alkaline oil or alternatively to replace the lubricating oil approved by KOHLER more frequently. To avoid explosions or fire outbreaks, do not smoke or use open flames during the operations. Fuel vapours are highly toxic.Only carry out the operations outdoors or in a well ventilated place. Keep your face well away from the fuel fill to prevent harmful vapours from being inhaled. Dispose of fuel in the correct way and do not litter as it is highly polluting. When refuelling, it is advisable to use a funnel to prevent fuel from spilling out.The fuel should also be filtered to prevent dust or dirt from entering the tank. Do not overfill the fuel tank. Leave room for the fuel to expand. 

4.6 Engine oil and oil filter - Fill / Check / Replacement   Important For safety precautions see Par. 2.4. Before proceeding with operation, read Par. 3.2.2. Do not use the engine with the oil level below the MIN. Do not exceed the MAX level on the dipstick. Filling Loosen the oil filler cap A or the oil filler cap C if the cap A is not accessible. Add the oil of type approved (Tab. 2.2). Before checking oil engine needs to be level. Remove the oil dipstick B and check that the level is up to but does not exceed the MAX. If level is not at the MAX. level, add additional oil. Re-tighten the cap A, C.    Oil level check Perform the operations from point 3 to 6.   Oil replacement   NOTE: Perform this operation with warm engine, to get a better fluidity of the oil and get a full discharge of oil and impurities contained in it. Loosen the oil filler cap A or the oil filler cap C if the cap A is not accessible.   Unscrew the oil filter F with appropriate wrench. Assembly and tighten the new oil filter cartridge F (torque to 15 Nm).   Remove the oil dipstick B. Remove the oil drain plug D and the gasket E (the oil drain plug is on both sides of the oil sump). Drain oil in an appropriate container. Replace gasket E. Tighten the drain oil plug D (tightening torque at 35 Nm).       Add the type of oil approved (Tab. 2.2). Fit and remove the oil dipstick B to check the level. Pour in fluid until reaching the MAX level mark. Upon completion, reinstall the oil dipstick B completely. Tighten the cap A, C.     

4.7 Coolant - check/filling/replacement   Important Before proceeding with operation, read Par. 3.2.2. NOTE: Before proceeding with any operation on the engine, stop it and allow it to cool.     Warning Presence of steam pressurized coolant danger of burn. The freezing point of the refrigerant mixture depends on the amount concentration in water. As well as lowering the freezing point, the antifreeze also raises the boiling point. A 50% mixture is approved to ensure a general level at protection prevents the formation of rust, galvanic currents and calcium deposits. NOTE: Component not necessarily supplied by KOHLER. FILLING    Loosen the cap A and fill the radiator with coolant composed of: 50% ANTIFREEZE and 50% decalcified water. Top liquid up until the pipes inside the radiator are covered by about 5 mm. Do not overfill the radiator, but leave room for the coolant to expand. For engines equipped with expansion tank, pour in fluid until reaching the max level mark. Re-tighten the cap A. Keep it running at idle speed until the cooling liquid level goes down and becomes steady (the waiting times varies according to the ambient temperature). Stop the engine and allow it to cool. If there is an expansion tank (C) top liquid up to the mark MAX. Without expansion tank top liquid up until the pipes inside the radiator are covered by 5 mm. Do not overfill the radiator, but leave room for the coolant to expand. Tighten the radiator cap A or the expansion tank (C) cap B.    Warning Before starting make sure that the radiator cap and expansion tank cap, if present, are installed correctly to avoid spillage of liquid or vapour at high temperatures. After a few hours of operation stop the engine and allow it to cool. Check and top up the coolant liquid.   CHECK     Perform the operations from point 2 to 9.   REPLACEMENT   Undo the cap A carefully (circuit under pressure). Drain all the liquid inside the radiator via shut-off valve D into a suitable container. Loosen the screws E and remove the fuel filter bracket G. Unscrew cap F, remove gasket H to allow all the system fluid contained inside the pipes in the engine crankcase to drain. Tighten the drain oil plug F (tightening torque at 35 Nm). Fasten the fuel filter bracket G with screws E (tightening torque 25 Nm). Fill the radiator.    

4.8 Air filter cartridge - Check/Replacement   Importante Before proceeding with operation, read Par. 3.2.2.  NOTE: Components not necessarily supplied by KOHLER. CHECKING / REPLACEMENT    Release the two fastenings F of the cover A. Remove the cartridge B. Clean the inside components A and D with a damp cloth. Check the condition of cartridge B, replace it in case of suspecting of high level of clogging even if the hours of Tab. 4.2 are not reached. Reinstall:- the cartridge B.-the cover A checking the right tightness of fastenings F.  

4.9 Fuel filter cartridge - Check/Replacement Check     Important Before proceeding with operation, read Par. 3.2.2.      Danger For safety precautions see Chap. 3.   Gently loosen the water drain plug A without removing it. Spill out the water if present. Re-tighten the water drain plug A as soon as the fuel spills. Replacement   Important Do not fill the new cartridge B with fuel. Procure a suitable container to collect the fuel. Loosen and remove cartridge B . Lubricate the gasket C. Tighten the new cartridge B onto support D (tighten manually). Replace the prefilter H if present. Perform the operations described in Par. 4.2.  

4.10 Check of the radiator heat - exchanger surface   Danger For safety precautions see Chap. 3. NOTE: Component not necessarily supplied by KOHLER. Important Before proceeding with operation, read Par. 3.2.2. Wear safety goggles when using compressed air. The radiator heat-exchange surface must be cleaned on both. Check the radiator heat-exchange surface A. Clean the surface with a brush soaked in special detergent if it is clogged.  

4.11 Rubber hoses check   Danger For safety precautions see Cap. 3. The check is carried out by exerting a slight deflection or bending along the pipe and near the hose clamps.Components must be replaced if they have clear signs of cracks, tears, cuts, leaks and do not retain a certain degree of elasticity. Important Before proceeding with operation, read Par. 3.2.2. If hoses are damaged contact an authorized KOHLER workshop. For other pipes not illustrated refer to the technical documentation of the vehicle.  Check the integrity of the pipes and hoses A.  

4.12 Alternator belt - check/replacement Check     Important Before proceeding with operation, read Par. 3.2.2.      Danger For safety precautions see Chap. 3.     NOTE: The belt is not adjustable. Check the belt A condition, if worn out or deteriorated, replace it. NOTE: Make sure that the ribs of the belt A are inserted correctly into the grooves of the pulleys B.    Replacement   Remove the belt A using tool ST_57. Install the new belt A using tool ST_57. NOTE: ST_57 part number is ED0014604780-S. Make sure that the ribs of the belt A are correctly placed into the grooves of the pulleys B. REMOVE INTALL  

4.13 Starter Motor Externally check the condition and clean motor A using compressed air.

4.14 Alternator Externally check the condition and clean the alternator A using compressed air.

4.15 Product preservation Important: If the engines are not to be used for 6 months, they must be protected by carrying out the operations described in Engine storage (up to 6 months) (Par. 4.16). If the engine is still not in use after the first 6 months, it is necessary to carry out a further operation to extend the protection period (more than 6 months) (Par. 4.17). If the engine is not to be used for an extended period, the protective treatment procedure must be repeated within 24 months of the previous one.

4.16 Engine storage (up to 6 months) Before storing the engine check that: The environments are not humid or exposed to bad weather. Cover the engine with a proper protective sheet against dampness and atmospheric contaminants. The place is not near electric panel. Avoid storing the engine in direct contact with the ground.

4.17 Engine storage over 6 months Follow the steps described in Par. 4.16. Engine oil replacement (Par. 4.6). Refuel with fuel additives for long storage. With expansion tank: make sure that the coolant is up to the maximum level. Without expansion tank: Top liquid up until the pipes inside the radiator are covered by about 5 mm. Do not overfill the radiator, but leave room for the fuel to expand. Start the engine and keep it idle at minimum speed for 2 minutes. Bring the engine to 3/4 of the maximum speed for 5÷10 minutes. Turn off the engine. Completely empty the fuel tank. Spray SAE 10W-40 on the exhaust and intake manifolds. Seal the exhaust and intake ducts to prevent foreign bodies from entering. When cleaning the engine, if using a pressure washer or steam cleaning device, avoid directing the nozzle on electrical components, cable connections and sealed rings (oil seals etc). If cleaning engine with a pressure washer or steam cleaner, it is important to maintain a minimum distance of at least 200mm between the surface to be washed and the nozzle - avoiding absolutely electrical components such as alternators, starter motors and engine control units (ECU). Treat non-painted parts with protective products.   If the engine protection is performed according to the suggestions indicated no corrosion damage should occur.

4.18 Engine starting after storage Remove the protective sheet. Use a cloth soaked in degreasing product to remove the protective treatment from the external parts. Inject lubricating oil (no more than 2 cm3) into the intake ducts. Refill the tank with fresh fuel. Make sure that the oil and the coolant are up to the MAX level. Start the engine and keep it idle at MIN speed for a two about minutes. Bring the engine to 75% of MAX rated speed for 5 to 10 minutes. Stop the engine while the oil is still hot, discharge the protective oil in a suitable container. Warning Over time, lubricants and filters lose their properties, so it is important consider whether they need replacing, also based on the criteria described in Par. 4.4. Replace the filters (air, oil, fuel) with original spare parts. Pour new oil (Par. 4.6) up to the MAX level. Empty the cooling circuit completely and pour in the new coolant up to the MAX level (Par. 4.7).  

4.19 Unused machine If the machine is not used for a certain amount of time, follow the operations below:   4.19.1 Operations for the engine POINT OPERATION 1 Unused machine up to 2 months The place must be dry and fresh throughout the period in which the machine is not used. Consult the machine’s manual to disconnect the battery (before disconnecting the battery, wait for minimum 5 mins after turning off the engine). Make sure the engine is not exposed to direct sunlight. Make sure the engine is not near any heat sources. Starting Before starting the engine, check Par. 4.4 for maintenance operations. Consult the machine’s manual to connect the battery and start the engine. 2 Unused machine from 2 to 9 months Perform the operations related to unused machine described in point 1. Perform the operations described in Par. 4.11. Start the engine at least every 4 months as per operations described in point 1: Avoid sudden accelerations for the first few minutes. Bring the engine to the working temperature by pressing the accelerator 3/4 from MAX. Leave the engine running at minimum speed for a few minutes and turning off the engine. Starting Before starting the engine, check Par. 4.4 for maintenance operations. Consult the machine’s manual to connect the battery and start the engine. Avoid sudden accelerations for the first few minutes. 3 Unused machine over 9 months Perform the operations related to unused machine described in point 1 and 2. Starting Before starting the engine, check Par. 4.4 for maintenance operations. Check the quality of coolant from the relative testing strips. Consult the machine’s manual to connect the battery and start the engine. Avoid sudden accelerations for the first few minutes.

6.1 Warranty terms KOHLER DIESEL ENGINES GLOBAL WARRANTY TERMS   1. WARRANTY PERIOD   Kohler Co. warrants to the End User that each Diesel engine will be free from manufacturing defects in materials or workmanship in normal service for the applicable coverage period or operating hours (whichever comes first) set forth below, provided the engine is operated and maintained in accordance with Kohler Co.’s instructions and manuals.   ENGINE SERIES WARRANTY PERIOD OPERATING HOURS WARRANTY COVERAGE  KOHLER Diesel (non KDI) 3 Years 0 – 2.000 100% Parts & Labor   KOHLER KDI   3 Years 0 – 2.000 100% Parts & Labor 2.001 – 6.000 Major Components Only * Lombardini Diesel 2 Years 0 – 2.000 100% Parts & Labor   * Major component defects are failures related to crankcase casting, cylinder head casting, crankshaft, crankshaft pulley, camshaft, connecting rod, flywheel, oil pump.   For the Warranty Period stated above, the period begins on the date of purchase of the finished equipment on which the engine is installed.  If no hour meter is installed on the application, the Operating Hours will be calculated as 4 hours of use per day for 5 days per week beginning on the date of purchase.   Kohler Co.’s obligation under this warranty is expressly limited, at its option, to an appropriate adjustment, repair or replacement of such part or parts as found to be defective following an inspection by Kohler Co. or an authorized service facility designated by Kohler Co.   SPARE PARTS WARRANTY PERIOD OPERATING HOURS WARRANTY COVERAGE KOHLER and Lombardini Diesel Parts 2 Years 0 – 2.000 100% Parts & Labor   Parts/components that are scheduled to be replaced as part of the required maintenance schedule will be covered under   Kohler Co.’s warranty from date of purchase of the part up to the first scheduled replacement point for the subject parts/ components.   All other Spare Parts items are covered by the above warranty provided that the repairs have been executed by Kohler Co or by an Authorized Kohler Service Dealer.   2. EXCLUSIONS   The following items are not covered by this warranty.   Damage caused by: (i) an accident or casualty; (ii) unreasonable use or neglect; (iii) normal wear; (iv) premature wear from improper maintenance; (v) improper storage; (vi) old or contaminated fuel left within the fuel system, which includes but is not limited to tanks, fuel lines, or fuel injection components; (vii) unapproved modifications. Failures caused by: (i) faulty repairs made by any party other than Kohler Co. or an authorized service facility designated by Kohler Co.; (ii) use of non-Kohler replacement service parts; or (iii) additional damages caused by a lack of prescribed actions as a result of an alarm light activation, either caused by fault or negligence or un-attended use of the engine; (iv) an act beyond the control of Kohler Co., which includes but is not limited to theft, vandalism, fire, lightning, earthquake, windstorm, hail, volcanic eruption, flood or tornado.  Transportation charges or travel expenses in connection with the repair or replacement of defective parts on the engine. Engine accessories such as fuel tanks, clutches, transmissions, power drive assemblies, and batteries, unless supplied or installed by Kohler Co. Engines installed in an application not formally reviewed by Kohler. Rental of other equipment during performance of warranty repairs All items subject to wear and to periodical maintenance such as listed in the Use & Maintenance Manual (such as air, oil or fuel filters, belts etc.) are warranted for a period equal to the prescribed interval of replacement as listed in the Manual. Fuel, lubricating oil, coolant/antifreeze.   IMPLIED OR STATUTORY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE EXPRESSLY LIMITED TO THE DURATION OF THIS WRITTEN WARRANTY. KOHLER CO. MAKES NO OTHER EXPRESS WARRANTY, NOR IS ANYONE AUTHORIZED TO MAKE ANY ON KOHLER CO.’S BEHALF. KOHLER CO. AND/OR THE SELLER SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND.   3. TO OBTAIN WARRANTY SERVICE   The repair shall be executed by a KOHLER Authorized Service Dealer designated by Kohler.   USA & CANADA: List of Authorized dealers can be found by visiting www.kohlerengines.com or telephone 1-800-544-2444 (U.S.A. and Canada) ENGINE DIVISION, Kohler Co., Kohler Wisconsin    EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST, AND ASIA List of Authorized dealers can be found by visiting dealers.kohlerpower.it.   CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA List of Authorized dealers can be found by visiting dealers.kohlerpower.it.   CHINA AND ASIA PACIFIC List of Authorized dealers can be found by visiting dealers.kohlerpower.it.   INDIA List of Authorized dealers can be found by visiting dealers.kohlerpower.it. Note: Specific Warranty Terms and conditions do apply to engines directly sold in India.     4. OWNER'S WARRANTY RESPONSIBILITIES   As the off-road engine owner, you are responsible for the performance of the required maintenance listed in your Use & Maintenance Manual. Kohler Co. recommends that you retain all receipts covering maintenance on your off-road & marine engine, but Kohler Co. cannot deny warranty solely for the lack of receipts or for your failure to ensure the performance of all scheduled maintenance. As the off-road & marine engine owner, you should however be aware that Kohler Co. may deny you warranty coverage if your off-road & marine engine or a part shows signs of malfunction or failed due to abuse, neglect, improper maintenance or unapproved modifications. Your engine is designed to operate on diesel fuel only. Diesel fuel an all other fluids used shall comply with the recommendation listed in the Use & Maintenance Manual. Use of any other fuel or fluids may result in your engine breakage, premature wear or no longer operating in compliance with the California & US EPA emissions requirements.  You are responsible for initiating the warranty process. The ARB & US EPA suggests that you present your off-road & Marine engine to a Kohler Co. dealer as soon as a problem exists. The warranty repairs should be completed by the dealer as expeditiously as possible.   5. COVERAGE   Kohler Co. will repair or replace emission control system parts, components and sub-assemblies found to be defective with respect to materials or workmanship at no cost to you including engine exhaust system related diagnosis, labor and parts, provided that no un-authorized modification of any kind has been executed on the engine, and its parts, components and sub-assemblies.   The choice and responsibility of the decision to repair or replace an emission control system defect will be solely that of Kohler Co. Emission control system parts/ components covered by the Federal and California Emission Control Systems Limited Warranty are listed below engine is defective, the part will be repaired or replaced by Kohler Co.   Fuel injector(s) Electronic control unit (ECU) if equipped Injection pump(s) Sensors associated with ECU operation Exhaust manifold Emission control information labels Intake manifold Turbocharger (if equipped) Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) tube Fuel limiting device Crankcase ventilation valve Aftertreatment Systems if equipped and other components when present   Parts/components that are scheduled to be replaced as part of the required maintenance schedule will be covered under   the warranty provisions for a period of time up to the first scheduled replacement point for the subject parts/ components. Subsequent damage to other engine components as a direct result of a warrantable failure an exhaust emission part/ component will be covered under the warranty provisions described herein.   6. MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR REQUIREMENTS   The owner is responsible for the proper use and maintenance of the engine. Kohler Co. recommends that all receipts and records covering the performance of regular maintenance be retained in case questions arise. If the engine is resold during the warranty period, the maintenance records should be transferred to each subsequent owner. Kohler Co. may not deny warranty repairs solely because of the lack of repair, maintenance or failure to keep maintenance records.   Normal maintenance, replacement or repair of emission control devices and systems may be performed by any repair establishment or individual; however, warranty repairs must be performed by a Kohler authorized service center.   7. CALIFORNIA AND FEDERAL EMISSION CONTROLWARRANTY STATEMENT, OFF-ROAD & MARINE DIESEL ENGINES (USA ONLY)   The California air resources board (carb), U.S. environmental protection agency (EPA), and Kohler Co. are pleased to explain the emission control system warranty on your [current model year – {2+ current model year}] off-road compression ignition and marine (diesel) engine. In California (“the state”) and US EPA regulated region, new heavy-duty off-road & marine engines must be designed, built and equipped to meet the state’s and US EPA anti-smog standards. The warranty period shall begin on the date the engine or equipment is delivered to an ultimate purchaser. Kohler Co. must warrant the emission control system on your engine for the periods of time listed in the section below, provided there has been no abuse, neglect or improper maintenance of your engine.   Your emission control system may include parts such as the fuel injection system and the air-induction system. Also included maybe hoses, belts, connectors and other emission related assemblies.    When a warrantable condition exists, Kohler Co. will repair your heavy-duty off-road & marine engine at no cost to you including diagnosis, parts and labor.    The owner shall not be charged for diagnostic labor that leads to the determination that a warranted part is in fact defective, provided that such diagnostic work is performed at a warranty station.   MANUFACTURER’S WARRANTY COVERAGE   The [current model year – {2+ current model year}] heavy-duty off-road & marine engines are warranted for the periods listed below. If any emission-related part on your engine is defective, the part will be repaired or replaced by Kohler Co.   VARIABLE SPEED OR CONSTANT SPEED KW <19 ANY SPEED 1,500 HOURS OR TWO YEARS, WHICHEVER COMES FIRST Constant speed 19 ≤kW <37 3,000 rpm or higher 1,500 hours or two years, whichever comes first Constant speed 19 ≤kW <37 Less than 3,000 rpm 3,000 hours or five years, whichever comes first Constant speed 19 ≤kW <37 Any speed 3,000 hours or five years, whichever comes first Variable speed or constant speed kW ≥ 37 Any speed 3,000 hours or five years, whichever comes firs   MARINE DIESEL ENGINE   ENGINE POWER WARRANTY PERIOD kW < 19 1,500 hours or 2.5 years, whichever comes first 19 ≤ kW < 37 2,500 hours or 3.5 years, whichever comes first 37 ≤ kW < 75 5,000 hours or 5 years, whichever comes first

7.1 Glossary   A Alternator A component that transforms mechanical energy into AC electrical energy. Authorised workshop Kohler authorised service centre. B Bore Internal diameter of the cylinder in combustion engines C Combustion Chemical reaction of a mixture composed of fuel and fuel (air) inside a combustion chamber Common Rail A high-pressure "Common Duct" that produces a constant supply of fuel directly to the injectors E EC "European Community" ECU "Electronic Control Unit"; an electronic device in charge of electronically detecting and controlling other electronic control devices Electronic injector An electronically activated component able to inject jets of atomised fuel inside the cylinders EPA "Environmental Protection Agency - The United States' authority that safeguards the environment" ; its duty is to govern and control polluting emissions F Fig. Figure G Galvanised Material that has undergone surface protection treatment H Heavy conditions Type of extreme condition referred to the work environment in which the engine is used (very dusty - dirty area, or in a contaminated environment due to various types of gas) I Intercooler Air-cooling element under pressure from the turbo situated between the turbine and intake manifold K KSD "Kohler Small Displacement" M Maintenance - periodic A group of maintenance actions that have the sole objective to control and replace elements on their expiry, without modifying or improving the functions carried out by the system, neither increasing the value nor improving performance MAX "Maximum" Methyl ester It is a mixture of products by means of a chemical conversion of oils and animal and/or vegetable fat, which is used to produce Biofuel MIN "Minimum" Min. "Minutes" Model engine identification plate which indicates the engine's model O Oil Cooler Small radiator used to cool the oil P Par. Paragraph Paraffin Fatty and solid substance that may form inside the diesel Poly-V "Poly-V", the name associated with a service belt, which derives from the profile of its section that is constructed with joined Vs R Ref. Reference S s/n "Serial number" (engine identification name plate) indicating the engine identification series/chassis number Spec. "Specification", (engine identification name plate) indicating the engine version T Tab. Table T-MAP "T-MAP" (sensor), measures the temperature and absolute pressure inside the intake collector Tightening torque A term indicated for installation of threaded components and which is determined by means of a unit of measurement Nm Turbocharger Device that compresses air intake by sending it to the intake manifold by means of a turbine U Used oil Oil altered by operation or time, which is no longer compliant for correct lubrication of the components W Waste-Gate valve A device, which is directly or automatically controlled, used to limit the pressure of exhaust gas inside the turbine     SYMBOLS AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT SYMBOL UNIT OF MEASUREMENT DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE α degree Rotation/inclination angle 1° cm2 square centimetre Area 1 cm2 Ø millimetre Circumference Ø 1 mm Nm newton-metre Torque 1 Nm mm millimetre   Length 1 mm µm 1/1000 of a millimetre (micron) 1 µm H hour Time 1 h g/kW grammes per kilowatt per hour Specific consumption 1 g/kWh kg/h kilogramme per hour Max. flow rate 1 kg/h Lt./min. litres per minute Flow rate 1 Lt./min. Lt./h litres per hour 1 Lt./h ppm parts per million Percentage 1 ppm N newton Force 1 N A Ampere Intensity of electrical current 1 A gr. gramme Weight 1 gr. kg kilogramme 1 kg W Watt Power 1 W. kW kiloWatt 1 kW pa pascal Pressure 1 pa KPa Kilopascal 1 KPa bar barometric pressure 1 bar mbar (1/1000 bar) barometric pressure 1 mbar R Resistance Resistance to electrical current (referred to a component) 1 Ω Ω ohm Resistance of electrical current 1 Ω Rpm revs per minute Rotation of an axis 1 Rpm Ra average roughness expressed in microns Roughness 1 Ra °C degree centigrade Temperature 1°C V Volt Electrical voltage 1 V millimetre Hex-head capscrew 1 mm cm3 cubic centimetre Volume 1 cm3 Lt. litre 1 Lt.